DEMONSTRATED PATHOLOGIC CHANGES FROM ALCOHOL.

Pathologic Changes of the Trachea

The tracheas of 12 patients who had undergone autopsies after percutaneous dilatational tracheot¬ omy (PDT) were analyzed macroscopically and microscopically. The puncture site of the trachea varied from just below the cricoid cartilage (two patients) to below the third ring (three patients). A fracture of one or more tracheal rings was present in 11 patients, ofwhom 2 had a fractured cri¬ coid...

Changes of membrane potential demonstrated by changes in solution color.

Since membrane potential regulates the activity of nerves, muscle, and endocrine cells, and many drugs alter the membrane potential, an understanding of the general concepts for the regulation of membrane potential is important. Yet, membrane potentials and ion gradients are often tough areas for students to understand. Analogies can be helpful; for example, Cardozo (2) recently provided a spri...

Pathologic changes in mild head injury.

Placental pathologic changes in gestational diabetes mellitus.

Nowadays, the continuous rise of maternal obesity is followed by increased gestational diabetes mellitus incidence. GDM is associated with adverse fetal and neonatal outcome that often presents with macrosomia, birth trauma, neonatal hypoglycemia, and respiratory distress syndrome. Inclusion of GDM into 'the great obstetrical syndromes' emphasizes the role of the placenta in interactions of the...

Alcohol Metabolism and Epigenetics Changes

Metabolites, including those generated during ethanol metabolism, can impact disease states by binding to transcription factors and/or modifying chromatin structure, thereby altering gene expression patterns. For example, the activities of enzymes involved in epigenetic modifications such as DNA and histone methylation and histone acetylation, are influenced by the levels of metabolites such as...